C++11中的std::thread库提供了哪些功能？请举例说明如何使用它创建和管理线程。

#include 
#include 

void printHello() {
    std::cout << "Hello from thread!" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    // 创建并启动线程
    std::thread t(printHello);

    // 等待线程执行完毕
    t.join();

    std::cout << "Main thread finished." << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

#include 
#include 

int main() {
    // 使用 lambda 表达式创建线程
    std::thread t([]() {
        std::cout << "Hello from lambda thread!" << std::endl;
    });

    t.join();  // 等待线程执行完毕
    return 0;
}

#include 
#include 

void printNumbers(int start, int end) {
    for (int i = start; i <= end; ++i) {
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    int start = 1, end = 5;

    // 传递参数给线程
    std::thread t(printNumbers, start, end);

    t.join();  // 等待线程执行完毕
    return 0;
}

#include 
#include 
#include 

std::mutex mtx;

void printNumbers(int start, int end) {
    std::lock_guard lock(mtx);  // 上锁
    for (int i = start; i <= end; ++i) {
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    // 创建两个线程，打印不同范围的数字
    std::thread t1(printNumbers, 1, 5);
    std::thread t2(printNumbers, 6, 10);

    t1.join();
    t2.join();

    return 0;
}

#include 
#include 

void printMessage() {
    std::cout << "Hello from detached thread!" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    std::thread t(printMessage);

    // 使用 join 等待线程执行完毕
    t.join();  // 也可以使用 t.detach() 来让线程在后台运行

    std::cout << "Main thread finished." << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

#include 
#include 
#include 

void throwException() {
    throw std::runtime_error("An error occurred in the thread!");
}

int main() {
    try {
        std::thread t(throwException);
        t.join();
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cout << "Exception caught in main: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}